Vatican treasurer Cardinal George Pell will stand trial on historical sexual assault charges, a court has ruled.

Cardinal Pell formally pleaded not guilty to the charges on Tuesday. He has consistently denied any wrongdoing.

An Australian magistrate ruled on Tuesday that there was enough evidence for the case to proceed to a trial on some charges, but not on others.

Cardinal Pell, 76, is Australia's most senior Catholic and one of the most powerful officials in the Vatican.

He was given a large police guard as he entered the Melbourne Magistrates' Court in front of dozens of media representatives and members of the public.

Cardinal Pell, who is considered the Church's third-ranked official, took a leave of absence from the Vatican last year to fight the charges in his home country.

What is known about the allegations?
Last June, police in the state of Victoria charged the senior cleric with what they described as historical charges involving "multiple complainants".

More than 30 witnesses testified during a preliminary court hearing, known as a committal, that ran for four weeks from March. Many sessions were closed to the public, which is standard practice in Victoria in sexual offence cases.

In open hearings, the court heard that an accusation against Cardinal Pell included an alleged incident at a Melbourne cathedral in the 1990s.

It also also heard of alleged incidents at a cinema and a swimming pool in regional Victoria in the 1970s.

What does Cardinal Pell say?
The cleric has consistently denied all accusations, saying last year: "I am innocent of these charges, they are false. The whole idea of sexual abuse is abhorrent to me."

Cardinal Pell's lawyer, Robert Richter QC, told a previous hearing that the allegations were "impossible", describing the complainants as "unreliable".

He argued that Cardinal Pell had been targeted by accusers because of his role as Australia's most senior Catholic figure, and that his client had fully co-operated with police.

What happened on Tuesday?
Magistrate Belinda Wallington said about half of the charges had sufficient evidence to be put to a trial.

Of the charges she dismissed, Magistrate Wallington said: "The evidence as a whole is not a sufficient weight for a jury to convict."

Mr Richter asserted in court that the most "vile" allegations had been dismissed.

What will happen now?
Cardinal Pell's trial will be held before a judge and a 12-person jury in the Country Court of Victoria.

The court will hold an administrative hearing on Wednesday, but the trial is not expected to begin for several months.