What's new about this year's A-levels?

What changes have there been to A-levels in England?
New AS and A-level syllabuses have been phased in across schools in England since September 2015.

The change was brought in by the then education secretary Michael Gove with the intention of making the exams more "fit for purpose" - in other words, harder.

Under the new system, students sit all A-level exams at the end of two years of study, instead of taking modular exams throughout the course, as they had done in previous years.

AS-level results no longer count towards A-level grades and levels of coursework have been reduced, with most courses assessed entirely through exams.

Resits will still be available, but January exams have been scrapped, so students will have to wait until May/June of the following year for a chance to improve their grades.

What has happened to AS-levels?
In a nutshell, they're on the way out - in England at least.

The AS-level has been decoupled from the A-level, which means it operates as a stand-alone qualification and the results do not count towards A-level grades - although in Wales and Northern Ireland, they will still count towards an overall A-level mark.

Since this decoupling, the number of entries for AS subjects has fallen dramatically.

Provisional figures from the Department for Education show that the number of entries for AS subjects fell by almost 60% from 659,880 in 2017 to 269,090 in 2018.

This continues the trend which was seen in 2016 and 2017.

Association of School and College Leaders general secretary Geoff Barton said the changes had "sounded the death knell for AS-levels".

"The great benefit of the old system was that it gave students a broader range of knowledge and allowed them to keep their options open for longer," he said.

"The decision to decouple these qualifications was an entirely unnecessary reform, which is narrowing the curriculum and reducing student choice."

What's happening elsewhere in the UK?
There have been no major changes in the other nations.

In Wales and Northern Ireland, AS-levels have remained an integral part of studying for A-levels.

AS-levels contribute 40% of the total marks of the full A-level and can be taken at the end of the AS course or alongside A2.

In Scotland, students do not sit A-levels and AS-levels. Instead, they take Highers and Advanced Highers.

This year, there were 147,000 Higher passes, with a pass rate of 76.8% - down slightly from 77% last year.